Resistance in Cucumis sativus L. to Tetranychus urticae Koch. 1. The role of plant breeding in integrated control

Summary The role of plant breeding and particularly of host plant resistance in integrated control is discussed. Host plant resistance to insects and mites, especially to Tetranychus urticae is reviewed. A standard terminology for disease and pest resistance is recommended.     

芬兰真绥螨生物学特性的研究

芬兰真绥螨是甘肃省东部地区果园捕食螨的优势种,一生有卵、幼螨、前若螨、后若螨和成螨5个生育阶段,在T＝25±0.5℃,RH=80±5%和苹果全爪螨幼若螨为食料时,其卵期45.4h,幼螨期34.7h,前若螨期29.6h,后若螨期27.64h,实验种群雌成螨的平均寿命32.67d,雌雄性比68：32,单雌产卵量47.7粒。对山楂叶螨、苹果全爪螨卵的最大理论捕食量分别是71.11粒和57.14粒;对其幼若螨的最大理论捕食量分别为3.96和30.67头。对山楂叶螨卵和幼若螨的捕食作用的功能反应方程分别是：Na=N／0.6133+0.0141N和Na=N／2.2165+0.2527N。对苹果全爪螨卵和幼若螨的捕食作用的功能反应方程分别是：Na=N／2.1538+0.0175N和Na= N／1.2264+0.0326N。在T＝25±0.5℃,RH=80±5%、以山楂叶螨幼若螨、苹果全爪螨幼若螨和卵为食料时,芬兰真绥螨实验种群的内禀增长力(rm)分别是0.1 299、0.1 793和0.0 958。     

A novel source of resistance to the two-spotted spider mite in Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill.: its genetics as affected by interplot interference

We have previously found an accession of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. (`TO-937') that appeared to resist attack by the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). L. pimpinellifolium is a very close relative of the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and thereby a potential source of desirable traits that could be introgressed to the crop species. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetics of the resistance present in `TO-937'. Resistance to infestation by the spider mite was quantified in 24-plant plots of L. pimpinellifolium accessions `TO-937' and `PE-10', L. pennellii accession `PE-45', L. esculentum cultivars `Moneymaker', `Roma' and `Kalohi' (reported to be partially resistant: Stoner & Stringfellow, 1967), and the interspecific F₁ cross, L. esculentum `Moneymaker' × L. pimpinellifolium `TO-937'. Only `TO-937', the F<sub>1</sub>, and`PE-45' were found to be resistant. Resistance of `TO-937' was complete when evaluated in two small greenhouses completely planted with `TO-937' so as to simulate the genotypic homogeneity usual in commercial crops. Generations (P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁P₁, and BC₁P₂) of a P₁ (susceptible) × P₂ (resistant) cross (`Moneymaker' × `TO-937') were studied for resistance in a single-plant per plot design. Resistance of `TO-937' was inherited with complete dominance and appeared to be controlled by either two or four genes according to whether segregation in the F₂ or the BC₁P₁, respectively, were considered. However, calculation of the number of genes involved in the resistance was complicated by negative interplot interference due to the high frequency of resistant genotypes within most of the generations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大叶丁香丙酮提取物对皮氏叶螨的毒力及代谢酶活性的影响

采用叶片浸渍法和分光光度法研究了大叶丁香(Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb)丙酮提取物对皮氏叶螨(Tetranychus piercei McGrvgor)的毒力及其代谢酶活性的影响。试验结果表明:大叶丁香丙酮提取物对皮氏叶螨具有良好的毒杀作用,处理后72 h LC50值为4.31 mg/mLL;其13.33 mg/mL对皮氏叶螨的48 h和72 h校正死亡率分别为81.82％和95.35％,其6.67 mg/mL对皮氏叶螨的72 h校正死亡率为75.58％;大叶丁香丙酮提取物在5.0、4.0、3.0、2.0、1.0 μg/mL的质量浓度下,对皮氏叶螨酯酶、羧酸酯酶、碱性磷酸酯酶的活性均有抑制作用,作用大小均随处理浓度的增加而增强,但大叶丁香丙酮提取物对酸性磷酸酯酶则有一定程度的激活作用。      

高温和阿维菌素对朱砂叶螨的胁迫效应及热休克蛋白研究

在实验室内研究了高温和阿维菌素对朱砂叶满的胁迫效应及胁迫后热休克蛋白的表达。结果表明,朱砂叶螨在34℃下,持续高温饲养1年后对阿维菌素的LC50为26℃下饲养的敏感品系的2.1396倍;抗阿维菌素品系连续用药24代,抗性倍数达4.1494倍。抗阿维菌素品系与敏感品系在高温48℃下胁迫1h后死亡率差异不显著,但均显著高于耐高温品系;采用SDS-PAGE电泳检测各品系43℃热处理前后的蛋白表达情况,结果发现,朱砂叶螨耐高温品系与敏感和阿维菌素抗性品系相比,热急前后,97.2kDa条带都特异表达;阿维菌素抗性品系与敏感品系相比,28.5、26.8kDa条带表达增强,抗性品系43℃热激1.5h后,98.6 kDa条带表达明显强于其它条带;43℃热激1.5h后,各品系分子量为54.9kDa的主条带表达减弱,75.9kDa条带表达增强,其中以耐高温品系的75.9kDa条带表达最强。研究结果推测这些蛋白表达的变化可能与其耐热性及抗药性有关。     

Biochemical Evidences for Scopoletin lnhibits Ca2+-ATPase Activity in the Carmine Spider Mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval)

Objective] This study almed to investigate the acaricidal effect of scopo-Ietin, and provide the biochemical evidences of scopoIetin infIuences Ca2+-ATPase activity and gene expressions in the Carmine ...     

保护酶CAT在木薯种质抗螨中的功能初步研究

为验证保护酶CAT在木薯抗螨中的功能,测定分析了朱砂叶螨取食抗、感螨木薯种质后,CAT的表达量和酶活分别在木薯和朱砂叶螨中的变化情况。结果表明,一方面,朱砂叶螨取食1 d和8 d后,感螨木薯种质BRA900体内Me CAT1的表达量和CAT总酶活仅分别较为害前提高1.11倍、1.24倍和1.06倍、1.15倍,而在抗螨木薯种质C1115体内则分别较为害前提高2.75倍、2.62倍和2.36倍、2.38倍,均显著高于感螨木薯水平。另一方面,朱砂叶螨取食感螨种质BRA900 1 d和8 d后,保护酶Tc CAT的基因表达量和CAT酶活分别是为害前的1.13倍、0.98倍和1.02倍、0.99倍,而取食抗螨木薯种质C1115 1 d和8 d后分别降低至为害前的0.57倍、0.61倍和0.52倍、0.61倍,均显著低于取食感螨木薯水平。以上结果初步证实了保护酶CAT在木薯中被诱导能够缓解朱砂叶螨造成的氧化损伤,在朱砂叶螨中被抑制不利于取食为害,从而形成木薯抗螨性的功能。本研究为将CAT作为基因资源应用于抗螨木薯种质创制提供了理论基础。     

六种植物提取物对朱砂叶螨生物活性的影响

为了寻找理想的植物源杀螨活性物质,采用玻片浸渍法测定了鱼腥草(Houttuynia cordata Thunb)、使君子(Quisqualis indica L.)、辣蓼(Polygonum hydropiper L.)、喜树叶(Camptotheca acuminata Decne)、地榆(Sanguisorba officinalis Root)、陈皮(Citrus reticulata Blanco)的乙醇提取物对朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval))的生物触杀活性。结果表明:6种植物的乙醇提取物在浓度为2mg·mL-1时24h后对朱砂叶螨的触杀死亡率依次达到52.33%、50.67%、42.00%、35.67%、23.00%和16.33%。进一步测定了鱼腥草的石油醚、氯仿、乙醇提取物对朱砂叶螨的生物触杀活性,结果表明:在浓度为2mg·mL-1时24h后触杀死亡率分别为:67.10%、56.83%和52.33%。研究为开发植物源杀螨剂提供了科学依据。     

食螨瓢虫(Stethorus sp.)对啤酒花害螨的控制作用

本文利用回归最优设计方法探讨了食螨瓢虫(Stethorus sp.)对啤酒花害螨—土耳其斯坦叶螨 Tetranychus turkeslani 的控制作用。回归最优设计适合捕食者—猎物系统相互关系的研究,能够揭示猎物密度、捕食者密度对捕食作用的影响。食螨瓢虫成虫每日可捕食成螨28～30头或捕食幼若螨40～50头。一头食螨瓢虫成虫一生累计可捕食成螨1700多头或幼若螨2750头。田间自然控制效果表明,食螨瓢虫可有效地控制啤酒花害螨种群的增长,控制效果可达87%以上。由于食螨瓢虫的自然控制作用,使得用药时间推迟30d 左右,农药成本减少71.4%,提高了啤酒花的产量和品质,利用食螨瓢虫控制叶螨,可以获得良好的经济、生态、社会效益。     

尼氏钝绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食作用

研究了尼氏钝绥螨(Amblyseius nicholsi)对二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae)的捕食作用。结果表明,尼氏钝绥螨雌成螨对二斑叶螨卵和成螨是非嗜食的,对幼螨和若螨是嗜食的。尼氏钝绥螨雌成螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食功能反应曲线均为HollingⅡ型,且对幼若螨的捕食作用最大。其自身密度对功能反应存在密度制约作用。